Contractual default, entrustment and dishonest intention in commercial complaints
PPC ingredients of entrustment, cheating and dishonest intent cannot be assumed from nonperformance.
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Criminal, Corporate & Financial Investigations
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Internal Corporate Investigations: Interviews, Devices and Criminal Referrals
A missing bank transfer, falsified purchase order or suspicious customer-data download may require a company to investigate misconduct before deciding whether to approach the police.
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Preserving Evidence in Corporate Fraud and Data Investigations
An internal report of suspected fraud or data theft may prompt a company to examine devices, suspend employees and notify investigators. If those steps alter or destroy the original electronic record, the company may compromise its own evidence before proceedings.
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Criminal Complaints Against Directors: Authority and Individual Liability
A criminal complaint against a company may name its directors, chief executive and employees collectively. Pakistani law does not ordinarily treat the existence of a corporate office as proof that the individual committed every alleged offence. The complaint must be examined against the statutory elements.
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When a Commercial Dispute Does Not Constitute Criminal Breach of Trust
A complaint that a supplier has retained payment, a purchaser has failed to pay a balance or a business associate has not honoured a financial commitment does not, without more, establish criminal breach of trust. Pakistani criminal law distinguishes a failure to perform a commercial obligation from the dishonest misappropriation of property that has been entrusted to.
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